# The Tomcat 4 Servlet/JSP Container

## Manager App HOW-TO

Table of Contents

> Introduction
> Configuring Manager Application Access
> Supported Manager Commands

> > Deploy A New Application
> > Install A New Application
> > List Currently Deployed and Installed Applications
> > Reload An Existing Application
> > Remove an Existing Application
> > List OS and JVM Properties
> > List Available Global JNDI Resources
> > List Available Security Roles
> > Session Statistics
> > Start an Existing Application
> > Stop an Existing Application
> > Undeploy an Existing Application

> Executing Manager Commands With Ant

Introduction

> In many production environments, it is very useful to have the capability to deploy a new web application, or undeploy an existing one, without having to shut down and restart the entire container. In addition, you can request an existing application to reload itself, even if you have not declared it to be `reloadable` in the Tomcat 4 server configuration file.

> To support these capabilities, Tomcat 4 includes a web application (installed by default on context path `/manager`) that supports the following functions:

> - Deploy a new web application, on a specified context path, from the uploaded contents of a WAR file.
> - Install a new web application, which can be anywhere on the server's disks.
> - List the currently deployed web applications, as well as the sessions that are currently active for those web apps.
> - Reload an existing web application, to reflect changes in the contents of `/WEB-INF/classes` or `/WEB-INF/lib`.
> - List the OS and JVM property values.
> - List the available global JNDI resources, for use in deployment tools that are preparing `<ResourceLink>` elements nested in a `<Context>` deployment description.
> - List the available security roles defined in the user database.
> - Remove an installed web application.
> - Start a stopped application (thus making it available again).
> - Stop an existing application (so that it becomes unavailable), but do not undeploy it.
> - Undeploy a deployed web application and delete its document base directory.

> There are two ways to configure the Manager web application `Context`:

> - Install the `manager.xml` context configuration file in the `appBase` for your `Host`.
> - Configure the Manager `Context` within the `Host` configuration in your Tomcat `server.xml` configuration. Here is an example:

>       <Context path="/manager" debug="0" privileged="true"
>                docBase="/usr/local/kinetic/tomcat4/server/webapps/manager">
>       </Context>

> If you have Tomcat configured to support multiple virtual hosts (websites) you would need to configure a Manager for each.

> There are three ways to use the `Manager` web application.

> - As an application with a user interface you use in your browser. Here is an example URL where you can replace `localhost` with your website host name: `http://localhost/manager/html/` .
> - A minimal version using HTTP requests only which is suitable for use by scripts setup by system administrators. Commands are given as part of the request URI, and responses are in the form of simple text that can be easily parsed and processed. See Supported Manager Commands for more information.
> - A convenient set of task definitions for the Ant (version 1.4 or later) build tool. See Executing Manager Commands With Ant for more information.

> Future versions of Tomcat 4 will include administrative functionality that is presented in (at least) the following forms:

> - As web services, so that Tomcat administration can be easily integrated into remote and/or non-Java mnagement environments.
> - As a web application with a nice user interface (built on top of the web services processing layer) for easy Tomcat administration via a web browser.

Configuring Manager Application Access

> > The description below uses the variable name $CATALINA_HOME to refer to the directory into which you have installed Tomcat 4, and is the base directory against which most relative paths are resolved. However, if you have configured Tomcat 4 for multiple instances by setting a CATALINA_BASE directory, you should use $CATALINA_BASE instead of $CATALINA_HOME for each of these references.

> It would be quite unsafe to ship Tomcat with default settings that allowed anyone on the Internet to execute the Manager application on your server. Therefore, the Manager application is shipped with the requirement that anyone who attempts to use it must authenticate themselves, using a username and password that have the role manager associated with them. Further, there is no username in the default users file (<conf>$CATALINA_HOME/conf/tomcat-users.xml</conf>) that is assigned this role. Therefore, access to the Manager application is completely disabled by default.

> To enable access to the Manager web application, you must either create a new username/password combination and associate the role name manager with it, or add the manager role to some existing username/password combination. Exactly where this is done depends on which `Realm` implementation you are using:

> - MemoryRealm - If you have not customized your `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml` to select a different one, Tomcat 4 defaults to an XML-format file stored at `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/tomcat-users.xml`, which can be edited with any text editor. This file contains an XML `<user>` for each individual user, which might look something like this:

>       <user name="craigmcc" password="secret" roles="standard,manager" />

>   which defines the username and password used by this individual to log on, and the role names he or she is associated with. You can add the manager role to the comma-delimited `roles` attribute for one or more existing users, and/or create new users with that assigned role.
> - JDBCRealm - Your user and role information is stored in a database accessed via JDBC. Add the manager role to one or more existing users, and/or create one or more new users with this role assigned, following the standard procedures for your environment.
> - JNDIRealm - Your user and role information is stored in a directory server accessed via LDAP. Add the manager role to one or more existing users, and/or create one or more new users with this role assigned, following the standard procedures for your environment.

> The first time you attempt to issue one of the Manager commands described in the next section, you will be challenged to log on using BASIC authentication. The username and password you enter do not matter, as long as they identify a valid user in the users database who possesses the role manager.

> In addition to the password restrictions the manager web application could be restricted by the remote IP address or host by adding a `RemoteAddrValve` or `RemoteHostValve`. Here is an example of restricting access to the localhost by IP address:

>     <Context path="/manager" debug="0" privileged="true"
>              docBase="/usr/local/kinetic/tomcat4/server/webapps/manager">
>              <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteAddrValve"
>                     allow="127.0.0.1"/>
>     </Context>

Supported Manager Commands

> All commands that the Manager application knows how to process are specified in a single request URI like this:

>     http://{host}:{port}/manager/{command}?{parameters}

> where `{host}` and `{port}` represent the hostname and port number on which Tomcat is running, `{command}` represents the Manager command you wish to execute, and `{parameters}` represents the query parameters that are specific to that command. In the illustrations below, customize the host and port appropriately for your installation.

> Most commands accept one or more of the following query parameters:

> - path - The context path (including the leading slash) of the web application you are dealing with. To select the ROOT web application, specify a zero-length string. NOTE - It is not possible to perform administrative commands on the Manager application itself.
> - war - URL of a web application archive (WAR) file, pathname of a directory which contains the web application, or a Context configuration ".xml" file. You can use URLs in any of the following formats:
>   - file:/absolute/path/to/a/directory - The absolute path of a directory that contains the unpacked version of a web application. This directory will be attached to the context path you specify without any changes.
>   - file:/absolute/path/to/a/webapp.war - The absolute path of a web application archive (WAR) file. This is valid only for the `/deploy` command, and is the only acceptable format to that command.
>   - jar:file:/absolute/path/to/a/warfile.war!/ - The URL to a local web application archive (WAR) file. You can use any syntax that is valid for the `JarURLConnection` class for reference to an entire JAR file.
>   - file:/absolute/path/to/a/context.xml - The absolute path of a web application Context configuration ".xml" file which contains the Context configuration element.
>   - directory - The directory name for the web applciation context in the Host's application base directory.
>   - webapp.war - The name of a web application war file located in the Host's application base directory.

> Each command will return a response in `text/plain` format (i.e. plain ASCII with no HTML markup), making it easy for both humans and programs to read). The first line of the response wil begin with either `OK` or `FAIL`, indicating whether the requested command was successful or not. In the case of failure, the rest of the first line will contain a description of the problem that was encountered. Some commands include additional lines of information as described below.

> Internationalization Note - The Manager application looks up its message strings in resource bundles, so it is possible that the strings have been translated for your platform. The examples below show the English version of the messages.

> Deploy A New Application

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/deploy?path=/foo

> > Upload the web application archive (WAR) file that is specified as the request data in this HTTP PUT request, install it into the `appBase` directory of our corresponding virtual host, and start it on the context path specified by the `path` request parameter. If no `path` is specified the directory name or the war file name without the .war extension is used as the path. The application can later be undeployed (and the corresponding application directory removed) by use of the `/undeploy`.

> > NOTE - Since this command requires an HTTP PUT request, it is usable only from tools (such as the custom Ant tasks described below). To install a new web application without copying, consider the `/install` command described below. This command is the logical opposite of the `/undeploy` command.

> > If installation and startup is successful, you will receive a response like this:

> >     OK - Deployed application at context path /foo

> > Otherwise, the response will start with `FAIL` and include an error message. Possible causes for problems include:

> > - Application already exists at path /foo

> >   > The context paths for all currently running web applications must be unique. Therefore, you must either remove or undeploy the existing web application using this context path, or choose a different context path for the new one.

> > - Encountered exception

> >   > An exception was encountered trying to start the new web application. Check the Tomcat 4 logs for the details, but likely explanations include problems parsing your `/WEB-INF/web.xml` file, or missing classes encountered when initializing application event listeners and filters.

> > - Invalid context path was specified

> >   > The context path must start with a slash character, unless you are referencing the ROOT web application -- in which case the context path must be a zero-length string.

> > - No context path was specified

> >   > The `path` parameter is required.

> Install A New Application

> > Install and start a new web application, attached to the specified context `path` (which must not be in use by any other web application). This command is the logical opposite of the `/remove` command.

> > There are a number of different ways the install command can be used.

> > ### Install a Directory or WAR by URL

> > Install a web application directory or ".war" file located on the Tomcat server. If no `path` is specified, the directory name or the war file name without the ".war" extension is used as the path. The `war` parameter specifies a URL (including the `file:` scheme) for either a directory or a web application archive (WAR) file. The supported syntax for a URL referring to a WAR file is described on the Javadocs page for the `java.net.JarURLConnection` class. Use only URLs that refer to the entire WAR file.

> > In this example the web application located in the directory `/path/to/foo` on the Tomcat server is installed as the web application context named `/footoo`.

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/install?path=/footoo&war=file:/path/to/foo

> > In this example the ".war" file `/path/to/bar.war` on the Tomcat server is installed as the web application context named `/bar`. Notice that there is no `path` parameter so the context path defaults to the name of the web application archive file without the ".war" extension.

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/install?war=jar:file:/path/to/bar.war!/

> > ### Install a Directory or War from the Host appBase

> > Install a web application directory or ".war" file located in your Host appBase directory. If no `path` is specified the directory name or the war file name without the ".war" extension is used as the path.

> > In this example the web application located in a sub directory named `foo` in the Host appBase directory of the Tomcat server is installed as the web application context named `/foo`. Notice that there is no `path` parameter so the context path defaults to the name of the web application directory.

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/install?war=foo

> > In this example the ".war" file `bar.war` located in your Host appBase directory on the Tomcat server is installed as the web application context named `/bartoo`.

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/install?path=/bartoo&war=bar.war

> > ### Install using a Context configuration ".xml" file

> > If the Host deployXML flag is set to true you can install a web application using a Context configuration ".xml" file and an optional ".war" file or web application directory. The context `path` is not used when installing a web application using a context ".xml" configuration file.

> > A Context configuration ".xml" file can contain valid XML for a web application Context just as if it were configured in your Tomcat `server.xml` configuration file. Here is an example:

> >     <Context path="/foobar" docBase="/path/to/application/foobar"
> >              debug="0">

> >       <!-- Link to the user database we will get roles from -->
> >       <ResourceLink name="users" global="UserDatabase"
> >                     type="org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase"/>

> >     </Context>

> > When the optional `war` parameter is set to the URL for a web application ".war" file or directory it overrides any docBase configured in the context configuration ".xml" file.

> > Here is an example of installing an application using a Context configuration ".xml" file.

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/install?config=file:/path/context.xml

> > Here is an example of installing an application using a Context configuration ".xml" file and a web application ".war" file located on the server.

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/install?config=file:/path/context.xml&war=jar:file:/path/bar.war!/

> > ### Installation Notes

> > If the Host is configured with unpackWARs=true and you install a war file, the war will be unpacked into a directory in your Host appBase directory.

> > If the application war or directory is installed in your Host appBase directory and either the Host is configured with autoDeploy=true or liveDeploy=true, the Context path must match the directory name or war file name without the ".war" extension.

> > For security when untrusted users can manage web applications, the Host deployXML flag can be set to false. This prevents untrusted users from installing web applications using a configuration XML file and also prevents them from installing application directories or ".war" files located outside of their Host appBase.

> > ### Install Response

> > If installation and startup is successful, you will receive a response like this:

> >     OK - Installed application at context path /foo

> > Otherwise, the response will start with `FAIL` and include an error message. Possible causes for problems include:

> > - Application already exists at path /foo

> >   > The context paths for all currently running web applications must be unique. Therefore, you must either remove or undeploy the existing web application using this context path, or choose a different context path for the new one.

> > - Document base does not exist or is not a readable directory

> >   > The URL specified by the `war` parameter must identify a directory on this server that contains the "unpacked" version of a web application, or the absolute URL of a web application archive (WAR) file that contains this application. Correct the value specified by the `war` parameter.

> > - Encountered exception

> >   > An exception was encountered trying to start the new web application. Check the Tomcat 4 logs for the details, but likely explanations include problems parsing your `/WEB-INF/web.xml` file, or missing classes encountered when initializing application event listeners and filters.

> > - Invalid application URL was specified

> >   > The URL for the directory or web application that you specified was not valid. Such URLs must start with `file:`, and URLs for a WAR file must end in ".war".

> > - Invalid context path was specified

> >   > The context path must start with a slash character, unless you are referencing the ROOT web application -- in which case the context path must be a "/" string.

> > - Context path must match the directory or WAR file name:

> >   > If the application war or directory is installed in your Host appBase directory and either the Host is configured with autoDeploy=true or liveDeploy=true, the Context path must match the directory name or war file name without the ".war" extension.

> > - Only web applications in the Host web application directory can be installed

> >   > If the Host deployXML flag is set to false this error will happen if an attempt is made to install a web application directory or ".war" file outside of the Host appBase directory.

> List Currently Deployed and Installed Applications

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/list

> > List the context paths, current status (`running` or `stopped`), and number of active sessions for all currently deployed and installed web applications. A typical response immediately after starting Tomcat might look like this:

> >     OK - Listed applications for virtual host localhost
> >     /webdav:running:0
> >     /examples:running:0
> >     /manager:running:0
> >     /:running:0

> Reload An Existing Application

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/reload?path=/examples

> > Signal an existing application to shut itself down and reload. This can be useful when the web application context is not reloadable and you have updated classes or property files in the `/WEB-INF/classes` directory or when you have added or updated jar files in the `/WEB-INF/lib` directory.

> > NOTE: The `/WEB-INF/web.xml` web application configuration file is not reread on a reload. If you have made changes to your web.xml file you must stop then start the web application.

> > If this command succeeds, you will see a response like this:

> >     OK - Reloaded application at context path /examples

> > Otherwise, the response will start with `FAIL` and include an error message. Possible causes for problems include:

> > - Encountered exception

> >   > An exception was encountered trying to restart the web application. Check the Tomcat 4 logs for the details.

> > - Invalid context path was specified

> >   > The context path must start with a slash character, unless you are referencing the ROOT web application -- in which case the context path must be a zero-length string.

> > - No context exists for path /foo

> >   > There is no deployed or installed application on the context path that you specified.

> > - No context path was specified

> >   > The `path` parameter is required.

> > - Reload not supported on WAR deployed at path /foo

> >   > Currently, application reloading (to pick up changes to the classes or `web.xml` file) is not supported when a web application is installed directly from a WAR file. It only works when the web application is installed from an unpacked directory. If you are using a WAR file, you should `remove` and then `install` the application again to pick up your changes.

> Remove an Existing Application

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/remove?path=/examples

> > WARNING - This command will delete the contents of the web application directory and/or ".war" file if it exists within the `appBase` directory (typically "webapps") for this virtual host . The web application temporary work directory is also deleted. If you simply want to take an application out of service, you should use the `/stop` command instead.

> > Signal an existing application to gracefully shut itself down, and then remove it from Tomcat (which also makes this context path available for reuse later). This command is the logical opposite of the `/install` command.

> > If this command succeeds, you will see a response like this:

> >     OK - Removed application at context path /examples

> > Otherwise, the response will start with `FAIL` and include an error message. Possible causes for problems include:

> > - Encountered exception

> >   > An exception was encountered trying to remove the web application. Check the Tomcat 4 logs for the details.

> > - Invalid context path was specified

> >   > The context path must start with a slash character, unless you are referencing the ROOT web application -- in which case the context path must be a zero-length string.

> > - No context exists for path /foo

> >   > There is no deployed or installed application on the context path that you specified.

> > - No context path was specified

> >   > The `path` parameter is required.

> List OS and JVM Properties

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/serverinfo

> > Lists information about the Tomcat version, OS, and JVM properties.

> > If an error occurs, the response will start with `FAIL` and include an error message. Possible causes for problems include:

> > - Encountered exception

> >   > An exception was encountered trying to enumerate the system properties. Check the Tomcat 4 logs for the details.

> List Available Global JNDI Resources

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/resources[?type=xxxxx]

> > List the global JNDI resources that are available for use in resource links for context configuration files. If you specify the `type` request parameter, the value must be the fully qualified Java class name of the resource type you are interested in (for example, you would specify `javax.sql.DataSource` to acquire the names of all available JDBC data sources). If you do not specify the `type` request parameter, resources of all types will be returned.

> > Depending on whether the `type` request parameter is specfied or not, the first line of a normal response will be:

> >       OK - Listed global resources of all types

> > or

> >       OK - Listed global resources of type xxxxx

> > followed by one line for each resource. Each line is composed of fields delimited by colon characters (":"), as follows:

> > - Global Resource Name - The name of this global JNDI resource, which would be used in the `global` attribute of a `<ResourceLink>` element.
> > - Global Resource Type - The fully qualified Java class name of this global JNDI resource.

> > If an error occurs, the response will start with `FAIL` and include an error message. Possible causes for problems include:

> > - Encountered exception

> >   > An exception was encountered trying to enumerate the global JNDI resources. Check the Tomcat 4 logs for the details.

> > - No global JNDI resources are available

> >   > The Tomcat server you are running has been configured without global JNDI resources.

> List Available Security Roles

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/roles

> > List the security role names (and corresponding descriptions) that are available in the `org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase` resource that is linked to the `users` resource reference in the web.xml file for the Manager web application. This would typically be used, for example, by a deployment tool that wanted to create `<security-role-ref>` elements to map security role names used in a web application to the role names actually defined within the container.

> > By default, the `users` resource reference is pointed at the global `UserDatabase` resource. If you choose to utilize a different user database per virtual host, you should modify the `<ResourceLink>` element in the default `manager.xml` context configuration file to point at the global user database resource for this virtual host.

> > When this command is executed, the first line of the response will be:

> >       OK - Listed security roles

> > followed by one line for each security role. Each line is composed of fields delimited by colon characters (":") as follows:

> > - Security Role Name - A security role name that is known to Tomcat in the user database.
> > - Description - Description of this security role (useful in creating user interfaces for selecting roles.

> > If an error occurs, the response will start with `FAIL` and include an error message. Possible causes for problems include:

> > - Cannot resolve user database reference - A JNDI error prevented the successful lookup of the `org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase` resource. Check the Tomcat log files for a stack trace associated with this error.
> > - No user database is available - You have not configured a resource reference for the `users` resource that points at an appropriate user database instance. Check your `manager.xml` file and ensure that you have created an appropriate `<ResourceLink>` or `<ResourceParams>` element for this resource.

> Session Statistics

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/sessions?path=/examples

> > Display the default session timeout for a web application, and the number of currently active sessions that fall within ten-minute ranges of their actual timeout times. For example, after restarting Tomcat and then executing one of the JSP samples in the `/examples` web app, you might get something like this:

> >     OK - Session information for application at context path /examples
> >     Default maximum session inactive interval 30 minutes
> >     30 - <40 minutes:1 sessions

> Start an Existing Application

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/start?path=/examples

> > Signal a stopped application to restart, and make itself available again. Stopping and starting is useful, for example, if the database required by your application becomes temporarily unavailable. It is usually better to stop the web application that relies on this database rather than letting users continuously encounter database exceptions.

> > If this command succeeds, you will see a response like this:

> >     OK - Started application at context path /examples

> > Otherwise, the response will start with `FAIL` and include an error message. Possible causes for problems include:

> > - Encountered exception

> >   > An exception was encountered trying to start the web application. Check the Tomcat 4 logs for the details.

> > - Invalid context path was specified

> >   > The context path must start with a slash character, unless you are referencing the ROOT web application -- in which case the context path must be a zero-length string.

> > - No context exists for path /foo

> >   > There is no deployed or installed application on the context path that you specified.

> > - No context path was specified

> >   > The `path` parameter is required.

> Stop an Existing Application

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/stop?path=/examples

> > Signal an existing application to make itself unavailable, but leave it deployed or installed. Any request that comes in while an application is stopped will see an HTTP error 404, and this application will show as "stopped" on a list applications command.

> > If this command succeeds, you will see a response like this:

> >     OK - Stopped application at context path /examples

> > Otherwise, the response will start with `FAIL` and include an error message. Possible causes for problems include:

> > - Encountered exception

> >   > An exception was encountered trying to stop the web application. Check the Tomcat 4 logs for the details.

> > - Invalid context path was specified

> >   > The context path must start with a slash character, unless you are referencing the ROOT web application -- in which case the context path must be a zero-length string.

> > - No context exists for path /foo

> >   > There is no deployed or installed application on the context path that you specified.

> > - No context path was specified

> >   > The `path` parameter is required.

> Undeploy an Existing Application

> >     http://localhost:8080/manager/undeploy?path=/examples

> > WARNING - This command will delete the contents of the web application directory if it exists within the `appBase` directory (typically "webapps") for this virtual host . If you simply want to take an application out of service, you should use the `/stop` command instead.

> > Signal an existing application to gracefully shut itself down, and remove it from Tomcat (which also makes this context path available for reuse later). In addition, the document root directory is removed, if it exists in the `appBase` directory (typically "webapps") for this virtual host. This command is the logical opposite of the `/deploy` command.

> > If this command succeeds, you will see a response like this:

> >     OK - Undeployed application at context path /examples

> > Otherwise, the response will start with `FAIL` and include an error message. Possible causes for problems include:

> > - Encountered exception

> >   > An exception was encountered trying to undeploy the web application. Check the Tomcat 4 logs for the details.

> > - Invalid context path was specified

> >   > The context path must start with a slash character, unless you are referencing the ROOT web application -- in which case the context path must be a zero-length string.

> > - No context exists for path /foo

> >   > There is no deployed or installed application on the context path that you specified.

> > - No context path was specified

> >   > The `path` parameter is required.

Executing Manager Commands With Ant

> In addition to the ability to execute Manager commands via HTTP requests, as documented above, Tomcat 4 includes a convenient set of Task definitions for the Ant (version 1.4 or later) build tool. In order to use these commands, you must perform the following setup operations:

> - Download the binary distribution of Ant from http://jakarta.apache.org/ant. You must use version 1.4 or later.
> - Install the Ant distribution in a convenient directory (called ANT_HOME in the remainder of these instructions).
> - Copy the file `server/lib/catalina-ant.jar` from your Tomcat 4 installation into Ant's library directory (`$ANT_HOME/lib`).
> - Add the `$ANT_HOME/bin` directory to your `PATH` environment variable.
> - Configure at least one username/password combination in your Tomcat user database that includes the `manager` role.

> To use custom tasks within Ant, you must declare them first with a `<taskdef>` element. Therefore, your `build.xml` file might look something like this:

>     <project name="My Application" default="compile" basedir=".">

>       <!-- Configure the directory into which the web application is built -->
>       <property name="build"    value="${basedir}/build"/>

>       <!-- Configure the context path for this application -->
>       <property name="path"     value="/myapp"/>

>       <!-- Configure properties to access the Manager application -->
>       <property name="url"      value="http://localhost:8080/manager"/>
>       <property name="username" value="myusername"/>
>       <property name="password" value="mypassword"/>

>       <!-- Configure the custom Ant tasks for the Manager application -->
>       <taskdef name="deploy"    classname="org.apache.catalina.ant.DeployTask"/>
>       <taskdef name="install"   classname="org.apache.catalina.ant.InstallTask"/>
>       <taskdef name="list"      classname="org.apache.catalina.ant.ListTask"/>
>       <taskdef name="reload"    classname="org.apache.catalina.ant.ReloadTask"/>
>       <taskdef name="remove"    classname="org.apache.catalina.ant.RemoveTask"/>
>       <taskdef name="resources" classname="org.apache.catalina.ant.ResourcesTask"/>
>       <taskdef name="roles"     classname="org.apache.catalina.ant.RolesTask"/>
>       <taskdef name="start"     classname="org.apache.catalina.ant.StartTask"/>
>       <taskdef name="stop"      classname="org.apache.catalina.ant.StopTask"/>
>       <taskdef name="undeploy"  classname="org.apache.catalina.ant.UndeployTask"/>

>       <!-- Executable Targets -->
>       <target name="compile" description="Compile web application">
>         <!-- ... construct web application in ${build} subdirectory ... -->
>       </target>

>       <target name="install" description="Install web application"
>               depends="compile">
>         <install url="${url}" username="${username}" password="${password}"
>                 path="${path}" war="file://${build}"/>
>       </target>

>       <target name="reload" description="Reload web application"
>               depends="compile">
>         <reload  url="${url}" username="${username}" password="${password}"
>                 path="${path}"/>
>       </target>

>       <target name="remove" description="Remove web application">
>         <remove url="${url}" username="${username}" password="${password}"
>                 path="${path}"/>
>       </target>

>     </project>

> Now, you can execute commands like `ant install` to install th applcation to a running instance of Tomcat, or `ant reload` to tell Tomcat to reload it. Note also that most of the interesting values in this `build.xml` file are defined as replaceable properties, so you can override their values from the command line. For example, you might consider it a security risk to include the real manager password in your `build.xml` file's source code. To avoid this, omit the password property, and specify it from the command line:

>       ant -Dpassword=secret deploy

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